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  • TUESDAY JANUARY 17 2006 10:00 AM

Okinawa: Is Massive U.S. Military Presence There Necessary?

A United States jet fighter crashed near Okinawa
Prefecture (Japan), according to Japan's Crisscross News. The pilot ejected from the plane and survived. The F-15 is a costly jet, with estimates running around $40 million. U.S. military occupation of Okinawa has been a longstanding issue between the United States and Japan, since the U.S. occupied the territory since World War II. Okinawans speak a separate language and maintain a distinctive culture from mainland Japan. While the pilot's life was fortunately saved, the crash arrives at a time when the U.S. and Japan are reevaluating U.S. presence in the region. A brief, admittedly incomplete, analysis of the history and problems involving U.S. occupation of the islands can highlight the problematic nature of U.S. presence in the region. This is not an in-depth analysis of the crash, but rather, an attempt to analyze more deeply embedded problems before another, more calamitous tragedy takes place. A Wikipedia article notes (correctly):



The islands that now make up Okinawa Prefecture were formerly not part of Japan, but part of an independent nation called the Ryūkyū Kingdom. Okinawa's location in the East China Sea, and relatively close proximity to Japan, Korea, China and South East Asia allowed the Ryūkyū Kingdom to become a prosperous trading nation. The many castle ruins that dot the island date from this period. However, in 1609 the Japanese Satsuma clan, who controlled the region that is now Kagoshima Prefecture, invaded. Following this invasion, although the Ryūkyū Kingdom remained nominally independent, it was effectively under the control of the Satsuma. In 1879, following the Meiji Restoration, the Ryūkyū Kingdom was abolished and became Okinawa Prefecture.

Following the end of World War II and the Battle of Okinawa in 1945, for 27 years Okinawa was under US administration. During this time the US military established numerous bases on Okinawa Honto and elsewhere.

On May 15, 1972, Okinawa once again became part of Japan, although to this day the US maintains a large military presence there: more than 37,240 US military personnel and dependents, including 14,460 Marines, are still based there. While they provide a source of revenue for the island's 1.3 million residents, they are also a source of considerable tension.



In total, the region is just over 1,000 kilometers, but houses nearly 40,000 U.S. military personnel. The recent U.S. crash directs long-standing public attention to the occupation within Japan, although it was not as perilous as many incidents in the Prefecture. Japan and the United States are arranging a senior level working meeting, with reduction of troops as a focus.

The Japan Times writes:


The meeting came ahead of Defense Agency Director General Fukushiro Nukaga's visit to Washington for talks Tuesday with U.S. Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld.

The two-day discussion is expected to have highlighted ways to carry out the removal of 7,000 U.S. Marines in Okinawa and an alternative plan to relocate the helicopter operations at Futenma Air Station within the prefecture.



This Air Station is accompanied by Kadena Air Base, Marine Core Base Camp Smedley, Camps Courtney, Foster, Hansen, Kinser, McTureus, Schwab, the Northern Training Area, Naha Military Port, Naval Facility White Beach, Torii Station, and a Naval Hospital. Most may assume that military expenditures fall completely upon the U.S. for its bases there.

However, the bases function off of what the Pentagon terms as "sympathy budget" or "host nation support". Put differently, Japan pays for the U.S. occupation of Okinawa, while Okinawan citizens are far less favorable about the presence in the region. Forty-five years after the end of World War II, the U.S. remains there, at the physical and fiscal expense of Okinawan taxpayers.
Many have questioned whether U.S. military presence in the area is necessary for protection of Japan or its containment.

Is Okinawa, as Chalmers Johnson claims, "Asia's Last Colony"? Johnson (who served for the U.S. Navy stationed in Japan) writes,


Few Americans who have never served in the armed forces overseas have any conception of the nature or impact of an American base complex, with its massive military facilities, post exchanges, dependents' housing estates, swimming pools, golf courses, and the associated bars, strip clubs, whorehouses, and veneral disease clinics that they attract in a land like Okinawa.



Okinawans' antagonistic relations with U.S. military personnel have been highlighted by a highly publicized case involving the rape and kidnapping of a twelve year old girl by three U.S. military personnel in 1995. While Okinawa was militarily significant during WWII and the Korean War, its utility since then is questionable at best.

Why is U.S. presence there viewed as highly problematic by many of the 1.3 million people living in these 454 mile islands? Unfortunately, the U.S. usually holds jurisdiction over military crimes there. The conservative Nihon Keizai Shimbun newspaper notes that U.S. servicemen


Were implicated in 4,716 crimes between 1972 and 1995, just under a crime a day during General Myers' command.....

While the incidence of reported rape in the United States is foty-one for every one hundred thousand people, at the military bases of Okinawa it is eight-two per one hundred thousand people.



It is incredibly difficult to report rape for anyone, in any region of the world. This problem is accentuated by added cultural pressures Okinawan women experience to report rape at all. Since then, the Okinawan Women Act Against Military Violence movement has been formed. Tens of thousands of Okinawan native citizens have protested U.S. occupation of the territory. The American Peace Caravan writes,



While Okinawa Prefecture composes only 0.6% of the total land area of Japan, it bears the burden of 75% of the total U.S. military presence in Japan.
Under the exceedingly unjust treatment by the Japanese government, the Okinawan
people have suffered through the 27 years of U.S. military control and 23 years since Okinawa's reversion to Japan. Their livelihood and human rights have been
violated throughout the 50 years of the postwar era by high-level noise pollution from military drills, aircraft accidents, environmental destruction,
and the many crimes committed by U.S. military personnel. Since Okinawa's reversion to Japan in 1972, the total number of officially confirmed crimes and
incidents numbers over 4,700, with 509 of those being particularly brutal.



The U.S. military has a history of environmental destruction (firing of uranium depleted bullets throughout the area), extensive noise pollution, and criminal acts against citizens in the region. Even worse, for the most part, regardless of circumstance, the U.S. is answerable only to itself. The survival of the pilot who crashed the F-15 is a blessing (postings on Okinawan and Japanese news reports on the incident by readers are often much less forgiving). As the U.S. resumes talks with Japan over its presence in the region, American citizens can be better informed about the scope, nature, and dimensions of U.S. occupation of Okinawa.

 

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Comments
Quirky

Quirky

Birmingham, AL
October 2005

JAN 17, 2006 07:37 PM

panopiticpants said:

lil_tuffy said:
FYI, it's not an US 'occupation' of Okinawa

Lil_Tuffy

[Edited on Jan 17, 2006 by lil_tuffy]



Oh. Really. So...US won the war, took the island and stayed. I'm ok with a different term than occupation if it is more accurate. Would "stationed" make you feel better?



Wow How you do still breathe?
the US are only in Naha, Okinawa. That's just one city. they don't police it.

quagmirething

quagmirething

I'm lost
June 2005

JAN 17, 2006 08:07 PM

Anyone got any figures for what proportion of Okinawans want the bases removed, or for local laws to be applied?

I do recall a case where it was argued that it wasn't possible to get a fair trial, other than by the US military. It seems the Japanese have an amazingly high conviction rate, something like 97% of cases that go to trial.

ASSH0LE

ASSH0LE

Las Vegas, NV
June 2003

JAN 17, 2006 09:56 PM

Hrrrmm... on the upside, I might get to see my niece, sister and brother-in-law a whole lot sooner.

On the downside, my brother-in-law's most likely destination would be back to Iraq. That's kind of a bad place to be a USAF truckdriver.

Andvari

Andvari

Calgary, AB
April 2005

JAN 17, 2006 11:35 PM

liquidflorian said:
Let me just start off saying that a stint in Fort Levenworth is a lot worse then anything the Japanese or Philippine justice system can dish out.



I don't think the severity of the punishment is at issue. The issue is more like who gets to do the punishing. And judging. And arresting.

Ecto_Cooler

Ecto_Cooler

Bronx, NY
April 2004

JAN 18, 2006 08:10 AM

Dead_Ringer said:

Ecto_Cooler said:

panopiticpants said:

lil_tuffy said:
FYI, it's not an US 'occupation' of Okinawa

Lil_Tuffy

[Edited on Jan 17, 2006 by lil_tuffy]



Oh. Really. So...US won the war, took the island and stayed. I'm ok with a different term than occupation if it is more accurate. Would "stationed" make you feel better?



Does the U.S. military have ANY jurisdiction, detention or police powers over the residents of Okinawa?

Wait, I can answer that for you! No, it doesn't! See what a simple little exercise like that can achieve?

It's funny because, you know, if this had happened at any other point in history the invading army would have completely taken over the conquered nation, bled it dry economically and placed its citizens under permanent control.

We haven't done any of that. In fact, American tax dollars finance not only the region's major deterrent to China, but to North Korea as well. Want to see how nervous the Japanese are about Kim Jong Il? Wait until the next time he lobs a missile over their country during a "test."

So, again, don't try to portray this as a one-way street where the only party benefitting is the U.S., because that's not true and you know it.


The US Military forces, occupying Okinawa in the Second World War, built their bases by force, sending surviving citizens to concentration camps and taking their land without payment. It was a clear violation of The Hague Convention which prohibits the confiscation of private property even during war, and that obliges nations to pay for the property requisitioned even in the case of military necessity.

Furthermore, since 1953, they have been bulldozing houses and burning them, as they did in the land just after the end of WWII.

According to the statistics of the Japanese Government as well as of Okinawa prefecture, a number of crimes committed by U.S. soldiers for these 30 years has reached around 5,000, and more than 10% of them are violent crimes such as murder, burglaries, and rapes. However, neither Japan's domestic laws nor U.S. laws are applied to the U.S. Forces in Japan, and in fact, U.S. soldiers committing crimes are protected by prerogatives. The crashes and the burning of military airplanes often takes place.

The U.S. bases are also a drag on the Okinawan economy. According to the best estimates, the incomes generated directly or indirectly by the bases are only 5% of the gross domestic product of Okinawa. This is far too small a contribution for an establishment sitting on 20% of Okinawa's land. Given the choice locations of the bases, if these areas were used as part of the civilian market economy, they should yield more than 20% of Okinawa's GDP. In effect, the U.S. and Japan are forcing on Okinawa's economy a deadweight loss of 15% of its GDP every year.

The 15% loss does not include the pressures on land rents in the rest of Okinawa due to the withdrawal of 20% of the area from civilian use; inconveniences to civil air transportation due to restrictions on the use of air space; closures of port facilities and waters to civilian shipping, fishing, or recreational activities because of naval and other military requirements; deadly effects of toxic wastes of the bases seeping into the soil or running off into the sea; deafening noises of bombers, fighters, and helicopters which physically damage young school children and disrupt their learning processes; accidents in the air and on the roads caused by U.S. military aircraft and vehicles; destruction of nature by live-ammunition artillery exercises, which also deny civilian access to highways in the exercise areas; crimes committed by off-duty service personnel against civilians and their properties.

Sounds pretty sweet for the Okinawans.



Ah, yes. Because your one source is an opinion piece from 1997 that first appeared in the pages of a Japanese weekly, written by an American Japanophile in the wake of an infamous rape, packed with figures with absolutely no attribution.

This is undoubtedly conclusive evidence, but if you post a link from the East Bumblefuck Times, you'll really have proved your point.

Dead_Ringer

Dead_Ringer

I'm lost
September 2004

JAN 18, 2006 09:33 AM

Ecto_Cooler said:

Dead_Ringer said:

Ecto_Cooler said:

panopiticpants said:

lil_tuffy said:
FYI, it's not an US 'occupation' of Okinawa

Lil_Tuffy

[Edited on Jan 17, 2006 by lil_tuffy]



Oh. Really. So...US won the war, took the island and stayed. I'm ok with a different term than occupation if it is more accurate. Would "stationed" make you feel better?



Does the U.S. military have ANY jurisdiction, detention or police powers over the residents of Okinawa?

Wait, I can answer that for you! No, it doesn't! See what a simple little exercise like that can achieve?

It's funny because, you know, if this had happened at any other point in history the invading army would have completely taken over the conquered nation, bled it dry economically and placed its citizens under permanent control.

We haven't done any of that. In fact, American tax dollars finance not only the region's major deterrent to China, but to North Korea as well. Want to see how nervous the Japanese are about Kim Jong Il? Wait until the next time he lobs a missile over their country during a "test."

So, again, don't try to portray this as a one-way street where the only party benefitting is the U.S., because that's not true and you know it.


The US Military forces, occupying Okinawa in the Second World War, built their bases by force, sending surviving citizens to concentration camps and taking their land without payment. It was a clear violation of The Hague Convention which prohibits the confiscation of private property even during war, and that obliges nations to pay for the property requisitioned even in the case of military necessity.

Furthermore, since 1953, they have been bulldozing houses and burning them, as they did in the land just after the end of WWII.

According to the statistics of the Japanese Government as well as of Okinawa prefecture, a number of crimes committed by U.S. soldiers for these 30 years has reached around 5,000, and more than 10% of them are violent crimes such as murder, burglaries, and rapes. However, neither Japan's domestic laws nor U.S. laws are applied to the U.S. Forces in Japan, and in fact, U.S. soldiers committing crimes are protected by prerogatives. The crashes and the burning of military airplanes often takes place.

The U.S. bases are also a drag on the Okinawan economy. According to the best estimates, the incomes generated directly or indirectly by the bases are only 5% of the gross domestic product of Okinawa. This is far too small a contribution for an establishment sitting on 20% of Okinawa's land. Given the choice locations of the bases, if these areas were used as part of the civilian market economy, they should yield more than 20% of Okinawa's GDP. In effect, the U.S. and Japan are forcing on Okinawa's economy a deadweight loss of 15% of its GDP every year.

The 15% loss does not include the pressures on land rents in the rest of Okinawa due to the withdrawal of 20% of the area from civilian use; inconveniences to civil air transportation due to restrictions on the use of air space; closures of port facilities and waters to civilian shipping, fishing, or recreational activities because of naval and other military requirements; deadly effects of toxic wastes of the bases seeping into the soil or running off into the sea; deafening noises of bombers, fighters, and helicopters which physically damage young school children and disrupt their learning processes; accidents in the air and on the roads caused by U.S. military aircraft and vehicles; destruction of nature by live-ammunition artillery exercises, which also deny civilian access to highways in the exercise areas; crimes committed by off-duty service personnel against civilians and their properties.

Sounds pretty sweet for the Okinawans.



Ah, yes. Because your one source is an opinion piece from 1997 that first appeared in the pages of a Japanese weekly, written by an American Japanophile in the wake of an infamous rape, packed with figures with absolutely no attribution.

This is undoubtedly conclusive evidence, but if you post a link from the East Bumblefuck Times, you'll really have proved your point.


What a shocker. When presented with basic, easily verifiable, and thus rebuttable historical and factual information, we get your stock reply - "nothing." This site contains similar documentation. So does this one, complete with citations from the Wall Street Journal. As does this one, which cites the Washington Post - as does this one. Here's another. And another. And another.

So, do you have anything, or is this the part where you cry about the mean liberals again?

JerzeeGuy4Ever

JerzeeGuy4Ever

Bear, DE
September 2005

JAN 18, 2006 09:43 AM

I think that so long as there is a communist gov't in both NK and China then our troop presence in that area is 100% necessary, because if all hell breaks loose there then what happens, it takes 7 - 10 days to move troops and equipment into position to do anything useful, if they are already there then they don't need to go as far.

ASSH0LE

ASSH0LE

Las Vegas, NV
June 2003

JAN 18, 2006 11:47 PM

What? China is a more or less capitalist country (I almost made a typo of "company") at present. We are their single largest customer. Any "battles" we have with China will most assuredly be in the area of tarrifs, exchange rates and the like.

Japan is convenient for us because basing them there doesn't pose as many difficulties as say South Korea (it'd be seen as a provocation there). The country is also a fair deal more advanced and politically stable than our other friends in the region.

Japan has a rather insular culture. There's Koreans who've been there for years and are still treated as outsiders. The country hasn't shared a border with another country since it took Okinawa, it's surrounded by ocean. Think of it like the U.S., but even worse.

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