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  • TUESDAY JANUARY 17 2006 10:00 AM

Okinawa: Is Massive U.S. Military Presence There Necessary?

A United States jet fighter crashed near Okinawa
Prefecture (Japan), according to Japan's Crisscross News. The pilot ejected from the plane and survived. The F-15 is a costly jet, with estimates running around $40 million. U.S. military occupation of Okinawa has been a longstanding issue between the United States and Japan, since the U.S. occupied the territory since World War II. Okinawans speak a separate language and maintain a distinctive culture from mainland Japan. While the pilot's life was fortunately saved, the crash arrives at a time when the U.S. and Japan are reevaluating U.S. presence in the region. A brief, admittedly incomplete, analysis of the history and problems involving U.S. occupation of the islands can highlight the problematic nature of U.S. presence in the region. This is not an in-depth analysis of the crash, but rather, an attempt to analyze more deeply embedded problems before another, more calamitous tragedy takes place. A Wikipedia article notes (correctly):



The islands that now make up Okinawa Prefecture were formerly not part of Japan, but part of an independent nation called the Ryūkyū Kingdom. Okinawa's location in the East China Sea, and relatively close proximity to Japan, Korea, China and South East Asia allowed the Ryūkyū Kingdom to become a prosperous trading nation. The many castle ruins that dot the island date from this period. However, in 1609 the Japanese Satsuma clan, who controlled the region that is now Kagoshima Prefecture, invaded. Following this invasion, although the Ryūkyū Kingdom remained nominally independent, it was effectively under the control of the Satsuma. In 1879, following the Meiji Restoration, the Ryūkyū Kingdom was abolished and became Okinawa Prefecture.

Following the end of World War II and the Battle of Okinawa in 1945, for 27 years Okinawa was under US administration. During this time the US military established numerous bases on Okinawa Honto and elsewhere.

On May 15, 1972, Okinawa once again became part of Japan, although to this day the US maintains a large military presence there: more than 37,240 US military personnel and dependents, including 14,460 Marines, are still based there. While they provide a source of revenue for the island's 1.3 million residents, they are also a source of considerable tension.



In total, the region is just over 1,000 kilometers, but houses nearly 40,000 U.S. military personnel. The recent U.S. crash directs long-standing public attention to the occupation within Japan, although it was not as perilous as many incidents in the Prefecture. Japan and the United States are arranging a senior level working meeting, with reduction of troops as a focus.

The Japan Times writes:


The meeting came ahead of Defense Agency Director General Fukushiro Nukaga's visit to Washington for talks Tuesday with U.S. Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld.

The two-day discussion is expected to have highlighted ways to carry out the removal of 7,000 U.S. Marines in Okinawa and an alternative plan to relocate the helicopter operations at Futenma Air Station within the prefecture.



This Air Station is accompanied by Kadena Air Base, Marine Core Base Camp Smedley, Camps Courtney, Foster, Hansen, Kinser, McTureus, Schwab, the Northern Training Area, Naha Military Port, Naval Facility White Beach, Torii Station, and a Naval Hospital. Most may assume that military expenditures fall completely upon the U.S. for its bases there.

However, the bases function off of what the Pentagon terms as "sympathy budget" or "host nation support". Put differently, Japan pays for the U.S. occupation of Okinawa, while Okinawan citizens are far less favorable about the presence in the region. Forty-five years after the end of World War II, the U.S. remains there, at the physical and fiscal expense of Okinawan taxpayers.
Many have questioned whether U.S. military presence in the area is necessary for protection of Japan or its containment.

Is Okinawa, as Chalmers Johnson claims, "Asia's Last Colony"? Johnson (who served for the U.S. Navy stationed in Japan) writes,


Few Americans who have never served in the armed forces overseas have any conception of the nature or impact of an American base complex, with its massive military facilities, post exchanges, dependents' housing estates, swimming pools, golf courses, and the associated bars, strip clubs, whorehouses, and veneral disease clinics that they attract in a land like Okinawa.



Okinawans' antagonistic relations with U.S. military personnel have been highlighted by a highly publicized case involving the rape and kidnapping of a twelve year old girl by three U.S. military personnel in 1995. While Okinawa was militarily significant during WWII and the Korean War, its utility since then is questionable at best.

Why is U.S. presence there viewed as highly problematic by many of the 1.3 million people living in these 454 mile islands? Unfortunately, the U.S. usually holds jurisdiction over military crimes there. The conservative Nihon Keizai Shimbun newspaper notes that U.S. servicemen


Were implicated in 4,716 crimes between 1972 and 1995, just under a crime a day during General Myers' command.....

While the incidence of reported rape in the United States is foty-one for every one hundred thousand people, at the military bases of Okinawa it is eight-two per one hundred thousand people.



It is incredibly difficult to report rape for anyone, in any region of the world. This problem is accentuated by added cultural pressures Okinawan women experience to report rape at all. Since then, the Okinawan Women Act Against Military Violence movement has been formed. Tens of thousands of Okinawan native citizens have protested U.S. occupation of the territory. The American Peace Caravan writes,



While Okinawa Prefecture composes only 0.6% of the total land area of Japan, it bears the burden of 75% of the total U.S. military presence in Japan.
Under the exceedingly unjust treatment by the Japanese government, the Okinawan
people have suffered through the 27 years of U.S. military control and 23 years since Okinawa's reversion to Japan. Their livelihood and human rights have been
violated throughout the 50 years of the postwar era by high-level noise pollution from military drills, aircraft accidents, environmental destruction,
and the many crimes committed by U.S. military personnel. Since Okinawa's reversion to Japan in 1972, the total number of officially confirmed crimes and
incidents numbers over 4,700, with 509 of those being particularly brutal.



The U.S. military has a history of environmental destruction (firing of uranium depleted bullets throughout the area), extensive noise pollution, and criminal acts against citizens in the region. Even worse, for the most part, regardless of circumstance, the U.S. is answerable only to itself. The survival of the pilot who crashed the F-15 is a blessing (postings on Okinawan and Japanese news reports on the incident by readers are often much less forgiving). As the U.S. resumes talks with Japan over its presence in the region, American citizens can be better informed about the scope, nature, and dimensions of U.S. occupation of Okinawa.

 

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Comments
theseeman

theseeman

Asheville, NC
December 2002

JAN 17, 2006 10:34 AM

US forces stationed on Okinawa are prepared to engage China, Russia, and North Korea. We should work to lower the stress the intallations put on the local population but if we vacated we would either have to find and build a suitable replacement or leave completely. This is not a wise course of action given our defense obligations to Taiwan, Japan, South Korea and the west coast of mainland America. Currently power is balanced but if we left who can say what would happen? Perhaps nothing. Perhaps China would shift internally and invade Taiwan and Japan. Perhaps North Korea would invade South Korea. Perhaps they would all become friends. But we would no longer be a position to effect or exploit those changes.

Improve local relations. Do not vacate.

GramNegative

GramNegative

I'm lost
October 2004

JAN 17, 2006 10:58 AM

U.S. rejects Philippine request for custody of four Marines charged with rape
Soldiers behaving badly + our "Visiting Forces Agreement" (or "Status of Forces Agreement") is a recurring problem in Okinawa, Philippines, and (IIRC) Korea also.


[Edited on Jan 17, 2006 by GramNegative]

liquidflorian

liquidflorian

San Jose, CA
January 2004

JAN 17, 2006 11:09 AM

Let me just start off saying that a stint in Fort Levenworth is a lot worse then anything the Japanese or Philippine justice system can dish out.

And I think their is a big difference in an occupation vesus big ass military bases with families of the soldiers living their amongst the populace.

benizdead

benizdead

United Kingdom
February 2003

JAN 17, 2006 11:37 AM

try seeing that from an okinawan point of view

neverender

neverender

Pleasanton, CA
January 2003

JAN 17, 2006 11:53 AM

Tip of the Spear.

ill never forget that place. probably the worst 8 months of my life. there were some good times, but the place is just a downer all together.

Ecto_Cooler

Ecto_Cooler

Bronx, NY
April 2004

JAN 17, 2006 01:45 PM

I fail to see how the U.S. presence is hurting Okinawa financially.

In reality, it's just the opposite.

This past summer, a dumb-as-fuck Air Force NCO molested a 12-year-old girl on the island, and ALL bases had a lock-in while senior staff addressed all the personnel on Okinawa. I believe it was two days, and from what my brother told me, not only did his sergeant major go absolutely fucking apeshit on his men who had nothing to do with it (Marines) as a preventative measure, people on the island were worried that *two days* of no business from American service members would mean several businesses operated by the locals would have to close.

It's a poor island, and while many Okinawans would like to see the U.S. military go, many others know that the Americans bring a lot to the local economy.

Also, this image of thousands of American Gis drunkenly invading downtown at night is not entirely accurate, seeing as how you have to be an E-4 to stay off base past midnight.

It's also worth pointing out that the vast majority of military members stationed in Okinawa are respectful of their hosts and go out of their way to learn local customs and find some common ground with the people in Okinawa.

Is it shitty that every few years a service member does something incredibly fucking stupid? Yes, absolutely. And they should be severely punished. But the military has idiots just like other organizations, and for the sake of this argument we should be clear that this is not a parasitic relationship between the military members and the host island.

lil_tuffy

lil_tuffy

MODERATOR

San Francisco, CA

JAN 17, 2006 02:24 PM

FYI, it's not an US 'occupation' of Okinawa

Lil_Tuffy

[Edited on Jan 17, 2006 by lil_tuffy]

halbermensch

halbermensch

Chicago, IL
December 2005

JAN 17, 2006 02:32 PM

lil_tuffy said:
FYI, it's not an US 'occupation' of Okinawa

Lil_Tuffy

[Edited on Jan 17, 2006 by lil_tuffy]



Oh. Really. So...US won the war, took the island and stayed. I'm ok with a different term than occupation if it is more accurate. Would "stationed" make you feel better?

Ecto_Cooler

Ecto_Cooler

Bronx, NY
April 2004

JAN 17, 2006 03:39 PM

panopiticpants said:

lil_tuffy said:
FYI, it's not an US 'occupation' of Okinawa

Lil_Tuffy

[Edited on Jan 17, 2006 by lil_tuffy]



Oh. Really. So...US won the war, took the island and stayed. I'm ok with a different term than occupation if it is more accurate. Would "stationed" make you feel better?



Does the U.S. military have ANY jurisdiction, detention or police powers over the residents of Okinawa?

Wait, I can answer that for you! No, it doesn't! See what a simple little exercise like that can achieve?

It's funny because, you know, if this had happened at any other point in history the invading army would have completely taken over the conquered nation, bled it dry economically and placed its citizens under permanent control.

We haven't done any of that. In fact, American tax dollars finance not only the region's major deterrent to China, but to North Korea as well. Want to see how nervous the Japanese are about Kim Jong Il? Wait until the next time he lobs a missile over their country during a "test."

So, again, don't try to portray this as a one-way street where the only party benefitting is the U.S., because that's not true and you know it.

GramNegative

GramNegative

I'm lost
October 2004

JAN 17, 2006 03:47 PM

Ecto_Cooler said:
...
It's funny because, you know, if this had happened at any other point in history the invading army would have completely taken over the conquered nation, bled it dry economically and placed its citizens under permanent control.
...


We totally should have raped and pillaged.
Don't they know how good they got it?

Dead_Ringer

Dead_Ringer

I'm lost
September 2004

JAN 17, 2006 03:53 PM

panopiticpants said:

lil_tuffy said:
FYI, it's not an US 'occupation' of Okinawa

Lil_Tuffy

[Edited on Jan 17, 2006 by lil_tuffy]



Oh. Really. So...US won the war, took the island and stayed. I'm ok with a different term than occupation if it is more accurate. Would "stationed" make you feel better?


In 1972, the administrative rights over Okinawa were returned to Japan.

The Japanese government enacted a specific law to allow the U.S. to continue using the lands that were taken by the U.S. military. As soon as the law expired, the government enacted another law.

The U.S. is in Okinawa by treaty and by statute, and Japan has not asked the U.S. to leave the base. It has asked the U.S. to remove some of its troops, which it has done. The U.S. pays rent, administrative fees, and taxes for its presence in the region. In exchange, the U.S. controls the air space, which certainly is a big deal by any objective measure. U.S. personnel are also shielded from some local laws, which is also a big deal.

This doesn't mean that the people of Okinawa are happy about the U.S. presence, of course - nor should they necessarily be happy about it. It does mean, however, that the U.S. is not "occupying" Okinawa. What we have is a tacit give-away of the region to the U.S. military, which is either a product of necessity in the minds of the Japanese authorities; a product of being afraid to LOSE the U.S. presence due to North Korean sabre-rattling; or perhaps some sort of bargaining chip in the minds of the Japanese. Bargaining for what? I do not know.

Ecto_Cooler

Ecto_Cooler

Bronx, NY
April 2004

JAN 17, 2006 03:57 PM

GramNegative said:

Ecto_Cooler said:
...
It's funny because, you know, if this had happened at any other point in history the invading army would have completely taken over the conquered nation, bled it dry economically and placed its citizens under permanent control.
...


We totally should have raped and pillaged.
Don't they know how good they got it?



That's not what I said, dear sir, and you know it.

My point was -- and is -- that American servicemen are not savages who go around detaining people, raping Japanese women, getting drunk and pissing on Okinawa's sidewalks. AND that the Okinawans benefit economically from the U.S. military presence on an island where other job or business prospects are slim to none. AND we Americans pay for their military security.

You know, when you leave a military base on Okinawa, the protestors hold signs, but they don't yell, they don't get angry and they don't take issue with the service members themselves. They bow, and the GIs bow back.

You and Panoptic should go there yourselves and check out the situation, because you'd probably come back sounding just a bit more informed.

GramNegative

GramNegative

I'm lost
October 2004

JAN 17, 2006 04:06 PM

Ecto_Cooler said:

GramNegative said:

Ecto_Cooler said:
...
It's funny because, you know, if this had happened at any other point in history the invading army would have completely taken over the conquered nation, bled it dry economically and placed its citizens under permanent control.
...


We totally should have raped and pillaged.
Don't they know how good they got it?



That's not what I said, dear sir, and you know it.


I agreed with most of what you said, but I just hate those "we aren't as bad as others/as we used to be" arguments.

My point was -- and is -- that American servicemen are not savages who go around detaining people, raping Japanese women, getting drunk and pissing on Okinawa's sidewalks. AND that the Okinawans benefit economically from the U.S. military presence on an island where other job or business prospects are slim to none. AND we Americans pay for their military security.

You know, when you leave a military base on Okinawa, the protestors hold signs, but they don't yell, they don't get angry and they don't take issue with the service members themselves. They bow, and the GIs bow back.

You and Panoptic should go there yourselves and check out the situation, because you'd probably come back sounding just a bit more informed.


I thought the issue is that some GIs are in fact savages who rape murder and piss on sidewalks. And the natives are pissed cause they don't get to administer justice in their own land.

And I am not denigrating the troops. Every population (especially of young men) has savages who rape murder and piss on sidewalks.

Dead_Ringer

Dead_Ringer

I'm lost
September 2004

JAN 17, 2006 04:12 PM

Ecto_Cooler said:

panopiticpants said:

lil_tuffy said:
FYI, it's not an US 'occupation' of Okinawa

Lil_Tuffy

[Edited on Jan 17, 2006 by lil_tuffy]



Oh. Really. So...US won the war, took the island and stayed. I'm ok with a different term than occupation if it is more accurate. Would "stationed" make you feel better?



Does the U.S. military have ANY jurisdiction, detention or police powers over the residents of Okinawa?

Wait, I can answer that for you! No, it doesn't! See what a simple little exercise like that can achieve?

It's funny because, you know, if this had happened at any other point in history the invading army would have completely taken over the conquered nation, bled it dry economically and placed its citizens under permanent control.

We haven't done any of that. In fact, American tax dollars finance not only the region's major deterrent to China, but to North Korea as well. Want to see how nervous the Japanese are about Kim Jong Il? Wait until the next time he lobs a missile over their country during a "test."

So, again, don't try to portray this as a one-way street where the only party benefitting is the U.S., because that's not true and you know it.


The US Military forces, occupying Okinawa in the Second World War, built their bases by force, sending surviving citizens to concentration camps and taking their land without payment. It was a clear violation of The Hague Convention which prohibits the confiscation of private property even during war, and that obliges nations to pay for the property requisitioned even in the case of military necessity.

Furthermore, since 1953, they have been bulldozing houses and burning them, as they did in the land just after the end of WWII.

According to the statistics of the Japanese Government as well as of Okinawa prefecture, a number of crimes committed by U.S. soldiers for these 30 years has reached around 5,000, and more than 10% of them are violent crimes such as murder, burglaries, and rapes. However, neither Japan's domestic laws nor U.S. laws are applied to the U.S. Forces in Japan, and in fact, U.S. soldiers committing crimes are protected by prerogatives. The crashes and the burning of military airplanes often takes place.

The U.S. bases are also a drag on the Okinawan economy. According to the best estimates, the incomes generated directly or indirectly by the bases are only 5% of the gross domestic product of Okinawa. This is far too small a contribution for an establishment sitting on 20% of Okinawa's land. Given the choice locations of the bases, if these areas were used as part of the civilian market economy, they should yield more than 20% of Okinawa's GDP. In effect, the U.S. and Japan are forcing on Okinawa's economy a deadweight loss of 15% of its GDP every year.

The 15% loss does not include the pressures on land rents in the rest of Okinawa due to the withdrawal of 20% of the area from civilian use; inconveniences to civil air transportation due to restrictions on the use of air space; closures of port facilities and waters to civilian shipping, fishing, or recreational activities because of naval and other military requirements; deadly effects of toxic wastes of the bases seeping into the soil or running off into the sea; deafening noises of bombers, fighters, and helicopters which physically damage young school children and disrupt their learning processes; accidents in the air and on the roads caused by U.S. military aircraft and vehicles; destruction of nature by live-ammunition artillery exercises, which also deny civilian access to highways in the exercise areas; crimes committed by off-duty service personnel against civilians and their properties.

Sounds pretty sweet for the Okinawans.

private_grave

private_grave

Belgium
April 2005

JAN 17, 2006 07:33 PM

i have nothing smart to add so don't read this...



SPOILERS! (Click to view)

this my friend is a great line of truth, and might only seem so to me because im part of that population

And I am not denigrating the troops. Every population (especially of young men) has savages who rape murder and piss on sidewalks.




thank you for not wasting your time...

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